Revolutionizing green hydrogen production: the impact of ultrasonic fields

Christian Matheus Barbosa De Menezes; Daniel de Morais Sobral; Leonardo Bandeira Dos Santos; Mohand Benachour; Valdemir Alexandre Dos Santos

doi:10.5327/Z2176-94781912

Autores

Christian Matheus Barbosa De Menezes Universidade Católica de Pernambuco (UNICAP) - Brasil https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9515-3074
Daniel de Morais Sobral Universidade Federal Rural de Pernambuco (UFRPE) - Brasil https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1883-9184
Leonardo Bandeira dos Santos Instituto Avançado de Tecnologia e Inovação (IATI) - Brasil https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6558-5474
Mohand Benachour Universidade Federal de Pernambuco (UFPE) - Brasil https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0139-9888
Valdemir Alexandre dos Santos Universidade Católica de Pernambuco (UNICAP) - Brasil https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3868-6653

DOI:

https://doi.org/10.5327/Z2176-94781912

Palavras-chave:

eletrólise da água; ondas ultrassônicas; polarização; eficiência energética; sustentabilidade ambiental.

Resumo

Este artigo revisa a utilização de campos ultrassônicos na eletrólise alcalina para produção de hidrogênio verde, destacando benefícios e desafios dessa tecnologia emergente. A aplicação de ultrassom pode aumentar significativamente a eficiência da eletrólise, reduzindo sobretensões e otimizando a transferência de massa. Dados quantitativos da Tabela 1 mostram que a integração de ultrassom pode reduzir a resistência ôhmica em até 76% e aumentar a eficiência de produção de hidrogênio em até 28%. Por exemplo, em condições otimizadas, a produção de hidrogênio pode ser aumentada em 45%, com uma economia de energia variando de 10 a 25%. A revisão examina o impacto do ultrassom na remoção de bolhas de gás das superfícies dos eletrodos e avalia o uso de transdutores ultrassônicos em diferentes configurações experimentais. A eficácia do ultrassom em frequências específicas (20–100kHz) e intensidades ajustáveis (10–1000W/cm²) é discutida em termos de melhoria da transferência de massa e redução da resistência ôhmica. Apesar dos benefícios, desafios técnicos como a seleção de materiais resistentes e o controle preciso das condições de operação são destacados. O artigo sugere que futuras pesquisas devem focar na integração de tecnologias ultrassônicas em sistemas de energia renovável, combinando ultrassom com técnicas avançadas para otimizar a eletrólise de hidrogênio de forma sustentável e econômica.

Downloads

Não há dados estatísticos.

Referências

An, C.; Wang, T.; Wang, S.; Chen, X.; Han, X.; Wu, S.; Deng, Q.; Zhao, L.; Hu, N., 2023. Ultrasonic- assisted preparation of two-dimensional materials for electrocatalysts. Ultrasonics Sonochemistry. v. 98, 106503. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ultsonch.2023.106503.

Angulo, A.; van der Linde, P.; Gardeniers, H.; Modestino, M.; Rivas, D.F., 2020. Influence of bubbles on the energy conversion efficiency of electrochemical reactors. Joule, v. 4 (3), 555-579. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.joule.2020.01.005.

Ayar, B.; Akın, M.B., 2023. Hydrogen production and storage methods. International Journal of Advanced Natural Sciences and Engineering Researches, v. 7 (4), 179-185. https://doi.org/10.59287/ijanser.647.

Ayers, K., 2019. The potential of proton exchange membrane-based electrolysis technology. Current Opinion in Electrochemistry, v. 18, 9-15. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.coelec.2019.08.008.

Bernäcker, C.I.; Rauscher, T.; Büttner, T.; Kieback, B.; Röntzsch, L., 2019. A powder metallurgy route to produce raney-nickel electrodes for alkaline water electrolysis. Journal of The Electrochemical Society, v. 166 (6), 357-363. https://doi.org/10.1149/2.0851904jes.

Brauns, J.; Turek, T., 2020. Alkaline water electrolysis powered by renewable energy: A review. Processes, v. 8 (2), 248. https://doi.org/10.3390/pr8020248.

Burton, N.A.; Padilla, R.V.; Rose, A.; Habibullah, H., 2021. Increasing the efficiency of hydrogen production from solar powered water electrolysis. Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, v. 135, 110255. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rser.2020.110255.

Cataldo, F., 1992. Effects of ultrasound on the yield of hydrogen and chlorine during electrolysis of aqueous solutions of NaCl or HCl. Journal of Electroanalytical Chemistry, v. 332 (1-2), 325-331. https://doi.org/10.1016/0022-0728(92)80362-8.

Cho, K.M.; Deshmukh, P.R.; Shin, W.G., 2021. Hydrodynamic behavior of bubbles at gas-evolving electrode in ultrasonic field during water electrolysis. Ultrasonics Sonochemistry, v. 80, 105796. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ultsonch.2021.105796.

Cooper, C.; Booth, A.; Varley-Campbell, J.; Britten, N.; Garside, R., 2018. Defining the process to literature searching in systematic reviews: a literature review of guidance and supporting studies. BMC Medical Research Methodology, v. 18 (85), 1-14. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12874-018-0545-3.

Darband, G.B.; Aliofkhazraei, M.; Shanmugam, S., 2019. Recent advances in methods and technologies for enhancing bubble detachment during electrochemical water splitting. Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, v. 114, 109300. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rser.2019.109300.

Dehane, A.; Merouani, S.; Chibani, A.; Hamdaoui, O., 2022. Clean hydrogen production by ultrasound (sonochemistry): The effect of noble gases. Current Research in Green and Sustainable Chemistry, v. 5, 100288. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.crgsc.2022.100288.

Dehane, A.; Merouani, S.; Hamdaoui, O., 2021. Theoretical investigation of the effect of ambient pressure on bubble sonochemistry: Special focus on hydrogen and reactive radicals production. Chemical Physics, v. 547, 111171. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chemphys.2021.111171.

Dong, Y.; Li, G.; Wang, Y.; Song, J.; Yang, S.; Yu, H., 2022. Study on the effective discharge energy mechanism of vertical ultrasonic vibration assisted EDM processing. Proceedings of the Institution of Mechanical Engineers, Part B: Journal of Engineering Manufacture, v. 236 (4), 453-461. https://doi.org/10.1177/09544054211028527.

Dotan, H.; Landman, A.; Sheehan, S.W.; Malviya, K.D.; Shter, G.E.; Grave, D.A.; Arzi, Z.; Yehudai, N.; Halabi, M.; Gal, N.; Hadari, N.; Cohen, C.; Rothschild, A.; Grader, G.S., 2019. Decoupled hydrogen and oxygen evolution by a two-step electrochemical-chemical cycle for efficient overall water splitting. Nature Energy, v. 4 (9), 786-795. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41560-019-0462-7.

Duan, X.; Xiao, J.; Lin, W.; Wang, S.; Wen, J., 2024. Experimental and numerical investigation of the impact of operating conditions on water electrolysis with ultrasonic. International Journal of Hydrogen Energy, v. 49, 404-416. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijhydene.2023.08.066.

Ehrnst, Y.; Sherrell, P.C.; Rezk, A.R.; Yeo, L.Y., 2023. Acoustically-induced water frustration for enhanced hydrogen evolution reaction in neutral electrolytes. Advanced Energy Materials, v. 13 (7), 2203164, 1-8. https://doi.org/10.1002/aenm.202203164.

Ezzahra Chakik, F.; Kaddami, M.; Mikou, M., 2017. Effect of operating parameters on hydrogen production by electrolysis of water. International Journal of Hydrogen Energy, v. 42 (40), 25550-25557. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijhydene.2017.07.015.

Fang, Y.; Li, M.; Guo, X.; Duan, Z.; Safikhani, A., 2023. Pulse-reverse electrodeposition of Ni-Mo-S nanosheets for energy saving electrochemical hydrogen production assisted by urea oxidation. International Journal of Hydrogen Energy, v. 48 (50), 19087-19102. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijhydene.2023.02.010.

Foroughi, F.; Bernäcker, C.I.; Röntzsch, L.; Pollet, B.G., 2022. Understanding the effects of ultrasound (408 kHz) on the hydrogen evolution reaction (HER) and the oxygen evolution reaction (OER) on Raney-Ni in alkaline media. Ultrasonics Sonochemistry, v. 84, 105979. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ultsonch.2022.105979.

Foroughi, F.; Lamb, J.J.; Burheim, O.S.; Pollet, B.G., 2021. Sonochemical and sonoelectrochemical production of energy materials. Catalysts, v. 11 (2), 284. https://doi.org/10.3390/catal11020284.

Fu, X.; Belwal, T.; Cravotto, G.; Luo, Z., 2020. Sono-physical and sono-chemical effects of ultrasound: Primary applications in extraction and freezing operations and influence on food components. Ultrasonics Sonochemistry, v. 60, 104726. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ultsonch.2019.104726.

Gogate, P.R., 2008. Cavitational reactors for process intensification of chemical processing applications: a critical review. Chemical Engineering and Processing: Process Intensification, v. 47 (4), 515-527. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cep.2007.09.014.

Grigoriev, S.A.; Fateev, V.N.; Bessarabov, D.G.; Millet, P., 2020. Current status, research trends, and challenges in water electrolysis science and technology. International Journal of Hydrogen Energy, v. 45 (49), 26036-26058. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijhydene.2020.03.109.

Hauch, A.; Küngas, R.; Blennow, P.; Hansen, A.B.; Hansen, J.B.; Mathiesen, B.V.; Mogensen, M.B., 2020. Recent advances in solid oxide cell technology for electrolysis. Science, v. 370 (6513), eaba6118. https://doi.org/10.1126/science.aba6118.

Islam, M.H.; Burheim, O.S.; Pollet, B.G., 2019. Sonochemical and sonoelectrochemical production of hydrogen. Ultrasonics Sonochemistry, v. 51, 533-555. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ultsonch.2018.08.024.

Islam, M.H.; Mehrabi, H.; Coridan, R.H.; Burheim, O.S.; Hihn, J.Y.; Pollet, B.G., 2021. The effects of power ultrasound (24 kHz) on the electrochemical reduction of CO2 on polycrystalline copper electrodes. Ultrasonics Sonochemistry, v. 72, 105401. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ultsonch.2020.105401.

Kacem, S.B.; Elaoud, S.C.; Asensio, A.M.; Panizza, M.; Clematis, D., 2021. Electrochemical and sonoelectrochemical degradation of Allura Red and Erythrosine B dyes with Ti-PbO2 anode. Journal of Electroanalytical Chemistry, v. 889, 115212. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jelechem.2021.115212.

Kerboua, K.; Hamdaoui, O., 2019. Energetic challenges and sonochemistry: A new alternative for hydrogen production? Current Opinion in Green and Sustainable Chemistry, v. 18, 84-89. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cogsc.2019.03.005.

Kerboua, K.; Merabet, N.H., 2023. Sono-electrolysis performance based on indirect continuous sonication and membraneless alkaline electrolysis: Experiment, modelling and analysis. Ultrasonics Sonochemistry, v. 96, 106429. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ultsonch.2023.106429.

Khan, M. A.; Zhao, H.; Zou, W.; Chen, Z.; Cao, W.; Fang, J.; Xu, J.; Zhang, L.; Zhang, J., 2018. Recent progresses in electrocatalysts for water electrolysis. Electrochemical Energy Reviews, v. 1, 483-530. https://doi.org/10.1007/s41918-018-0014-z.

Kobus, Z.; Krzywicka, M.; Starek-Wójcicka, A.; Sagan, A., 2022. Effect of the duty cycle of the ultrasonic processor on the efficiency of extraction of phenolic compounds from Sorbus intermedia. Scientific Reports, v. 12 (1), 8311. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-022-12244-y.

Kumar, S.S.; Himabindu, V., 2019. Hydrogen production by PEM water electrolysis – a review. Materials Science for Energy Technologies, v. 2 (3), 442-454. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.mset.2019.03.002.

Kumar, S.S.; Lim, H., 2022. An overview of water electrolysis technologies for green hydrogen production. Energy Reports, v. 8, 13793-13813. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.egyr.2022.10.127.

Lamy, C.; Millet, P., 2020. A critical review on the definitions used to calculate the energy efficiency coefficients of water electrolysis cells working under near ambient temperature conditions. Journal of Power Sources, v. 447, 227350. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jpowsour.2019.227350.

Lei, J.; Ma, H.; Qin, G.; Guo, Z.; Xia, P.; Hao, C., 2024. A comprehensive review on the power supply system of hydrogen production electrolyzers for future integrated energy systems. Energies, v. 17 (4), 935. https://doi.org/10.3390/en17040935.

Lei, L.; Zhang, J.; Yuan, Z.; Liu, J.; Ni, M.; Chen, F., 2019. Progress report on proton conducting solid oxide electrolysis cells. Advanced Functional Materials, v. 29 (37), 1903805. https://doi.org/10.1002/adfm.201903805.

Li, G.; Chen, F.; Bie, W.; Zhao, B.; Fu, Z.; Wang, X., 2021. Cavitation effect in ultrasonic-assisted electrolytic in-process dressing grinding of nanocomposite ceramics. Materials, v. 14 (19), 5611. https://doi.org/10.3390/ma14195611.

Li, S.-D.; Wang, C.-C.; Chen, C.-Y., 2009. Water electrolysis in the presence of an ultrasonic field. Electrochimica Acta, v. 54 (15), 3877-3883. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.electacta.2009.01.087.

Liu, L.; Ma, H.; Khan, M.; Hsiao, B.S., 2024. Recent advances and challenges in anion exchange membranes development/application for water electrolysis: a review. Membranes, v. 14 (4), 85. https://doi.org/10.3390/membranes14040085.

Mladenović, I.; Lamovec, J.; Vasiljević Radović, D.; Radojević, V.; Nikolić, N.D., 2022. Influence of intensity of ultrasound on morphology and hardness of copper coatings obtained by electrodeposition. Journal of Electrochemical Science and Engineering, v. 12 (4), 603-615. https://doi.org/10.5599/jese.1290.

McMurray, H.N., 1998. Hydrogen evolution and oxygen reduction at a titanium sonotrode. Chemical Communications (8), 887-888. https://doi.org/10.1039/A800801I.

Marouani, I.; Guesmi, T.; Alshammari, B.M.; Alqunun, K.; Alzamil, A.; Alturki, M.; Hadj Abdallah, H., 2023. Integration of renewable-energy-based green hydrogen into the energy future. Processes, v. 11 (9), 2685. https://doi.org/10.3390/pr11092685.

Merouani, S.; Hamdaoui, O., 2016. The size of active bubbles for the production of hydrogen in sonochemical reaction field. Ultrasonics Sonochemistry, v. 32, 320-327. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ultsonch.2016.03.026.

Merouani, S.; Hamdaoui, O.; Rezgui, Y.; Guemini, M., 2015. Mechanism of the sonochemical production of hydrogen. International Journal of Hydrogen Energy, v. 40 (11), 4056-4064. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijhydene.2015.01.150.

Merabet, N.H.; Kerboua, K., 2024. Green hydrogen from sono-electrolysis: a coupled numerical and experimental study of the ultrasound assisted membraneless electrolysis of water supplied by PV. Fuel, v. 356, 129625. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.fuel.2023.129625.

Nechache, A.; Hody, S., 2021. Alternative and innovative solid oxide electrolysis cell materials: A short review. Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, v. 149, 111322. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rser.2021.111322.

Nikitenko, S.I.; Pflieger, R., 2017. Toward a new paradigm for sonochemistry: Short review on nonequilibrium plasma observations by means of MBSL spectroscopy in aqueous solutions. Ultrasonics Sonochemistry, Part B, v. 35, 623-630. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ultsonch.2016.02.003.

Nnabuife, S.G.; Ugbeh-Johnson, J.; Okeke, N.E.; Ogbonnaya, C., 2022. Present and projected developments in hydrogen production: A technological review. Carbon Capture Science & Technology, v. 3, 100042. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ccst.2022.100042.

Oliveira, A.M.; Beswick, R.R.; Yan, Y., 2021. A green hydrogen economy for a renewable energy society. Current Opinion in Chemical Engineering, v. 33, 100701. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.coche.2021.100701.

Plesset, M.S.; Prosperetti, A., 1977. Bubble dynamics and cavitation. Annual Review of Fluid Mechanics, v. 9, 145-185. https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev.fl.09.010177.001045.

Pollet, B.G.; Foroughi, F.; Faid, A.Y.; Emberson, D.R.; Islam, M.H., 2020. Does power ultrasound (26 kHz) affect the hydrogen evolution reaction (HER) on Pt polycrystalline electrode in a mild acidic electrolyte? Ultrasonics Sonochemistry, v. 69, 105238. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ultsonch.2020.105238.

Pushkareva, I.V.; Pushkarev, A.S.; Grigoriev, S.A.; Modisha, P.; Bessarabov, D.G., 2020. Comparative study of anion exchange membranes for low-cost water electrolysis. International Journal of Hydrogen Energy, v. 45 (49), 26070-26079. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijhydene.2019.11.011.

Rashid, M.M.; Al Mesfer, M.K.; Naseem, H.; Danish, M., 2015. Hydrogen production by water electrolysis: a review of alkaline water electrolysis, PEM water electrolysis and high temperature water electrolysis. International Journal of Engineering and Advanced Technology, v. 4 (3), 2249-8958. ISSN: 2249-8958

Ren, Q.; Kong, C.; Chen, Z.; Zhou, J.; Li, W.; Li, D.; Cui, Z.; Xue, Y.; Lu, Y., 2021. Ultrasonic assisted electrochemical degradation of malachite green in wastewater. Microchemical Journal, v. 164, 106059. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.microc.2021.106059.

Rezk, A.R.; Tan, J.K.; Yeo, L.Y., 2016. HYbriD resonant acoustics (HYDRA). Advanced Materials, v. 28 (10), 1970-1975. https://doi.org/10.1002/adma.201504861.

Salari, A.; Hakkaki-Fard, A.; Jalalidil, A., 2022. Hydrogen production performance of a photovoltaic thermal system coupled with a proton exchange membrane electrolysis cell. International Journal of Hydrogen Energy, v. 47 (7), 4472-4488. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijhydene.2021.11.100.

Salehmin, M.N.I.; Husaini, T.; Goh, J.; Sulong, A.B., 2022. High-pressure PEM water electrolyser: a review on challenges and mitigation strategies towards green and low-cost hydrogen production. Energy Conversion and Management, v. 268, 115985. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.enconman.2022.115985.

Sazali, N., 2020. Emerging technologies by hydrogen: a review. International Journal of Hydrogen Energy, v. 45 (38), 18753-18771. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijhydene.2020.05.021.

Sharifishourabi, M.; Dincer, I.; Mohany, A., 2024. Implementation of experimental techniques in ultrasound-driven hydrogen production: a comprehensive review. International Journal of Hydrogen Energy, v. 62, 1183-1204. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijhydene.2024.03.013.

Shen, Z.-Y.; Tsui, H.-P., 2021. An investigation of ultrasonic-assisted electrochemical machining of micro-hole array. Processes, v. 9 (9), 1615. https://doi.org/10.3390/pr9091615.

Song, Y.; Zhang, X.; Xie, K.; Wang, G.; Bao, X., 2019. High‐temperature CO2 electrolysis in solid oxide electrolysis cells: developments, challenges, and prospects. Advanced Materials, v. 31 (50), 1902033. https://doi.org/10.1002/adma.201902033.

Stiber, S.; Balzer, H.; Wierhake, A.; Wirkert, F.J.; Roth, J.; Rost, U.; Brodmann, M.; Lee, J.K.; Bazylak, A.; Waiblinger, W.; Gago, A.S.; Friedrich, K.A., 2021. Porous transport layers for proton exchange membrane electrolysis under extreme conditions of current density, temperature, and pressure. Advanced Energy Materials, v. 11 (33), 2100630. https://doi.org/10.1002/aenm.202100630.

Su, H.; Sun, J.; Wang, C.; Wang, H., 2024. Temperature impacts on the growth of hydrogen bubbles during ultrasonic vibration-enhanced hydrogen generation. Ultrasonics Sonochemistry, v. 102, 106734. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ultsonch.2023.106734.

Sutkar, V.S.; Gogate, P.R., 2009. Design aspects of sonochemical reactors: Techniques for understanding cavitational activity distribution and effect of operating parameters. Chemical Engineering Journal, v. 155 (1-2), 26-36. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cej.2009.07.021.

Tam, B.; Babacan, O.; Kafizas, A.; Nelson, J., 2024. Comparing the net-energy balance of standalone photovoltaic-coupled electrolysis and photoelectrochemical hydrogen production. Energy & Environmental Science, v. 17 (5), 1677-1694. https://doi.org/10.1039/d3ee02814c.

Theerthagiri, J.; Madhavan, J.; Lee, S.J.; Choi, M.Y.; Ashokkumar, M.; Pollet, B.G., 2020. Sonoelectrochemistry for energy and environmental applications. Ultrasonics Sonochemistry, v. 63, 104960. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ultsonch.2020.104960.

Turton, R.; Bailie, R.C.; Whiting, W.B.; Shaeiwitz, J.A.; Bhattacharyya, D., 2012. Analysis, Synthesis and Design of Chemical Processes. 4. ed. Practice Hall, Upper Saddle River, 1007 p.

Villagrán, C.; Banks, C.E.; Pitner, W.R.; Hardacre, C.; Compton, R.G., 2005. Electroreduction of N-methylphthalimide in room temperature ionic liquids under insonated and silent conditions. Ultrasonics Sonochemistry, v. 12 (6), 423-428. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ultsonch.2004.08.001.

Vincent, I.; Choi, B.; Nakoji, M.; Ishizuka, M.; Tsutsumi, K.; Tsutsumi, A., 2018. Pulsed current water splitting electrochemical cycle for hydrogen production. International Journal of Hydrogen Energy, v. 43 (22), 10240-10248. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijhydene.2018.04.087.

Vincent, I.; Lee, E.-C.; Kim, H.-M., 2021. Comprehensive impedance investigation of low-cost anion exchange membrane electrolysis for large-scale hydrogen production. Scientific Reports, v. 11 (1), 293. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-020-80683-6.

Vostakola, M.F.; Ozcan, H.; El-Emam, R.S.; Horri, B.A., 2023. Recent advances in high-temperature steam electrolysis with solid oxide electrolysers for green hydrogen production. Energies, v. 16 (8), 3327. https://doi.org/10.3390/en16083327.

Wang, S.; Lu, A.; Zhong, C.-J., 2021a. Hydrogen production from water electrolysis: role of catalysts. Nano Convergence, v. 8 (1), 4. https://doi.org/10.1186/s40580-021-00254-x.

Wang, Y.-H.; Zheng, S.; Yang, W.-M.; Zhou, R.-Y.; He, Q.-F.; Radjenovic, P.; Dong, J.-C.; Li, S.; Zheng, J.; Yang, Z.-L.; Attard, G.; Pan, F.; Tian, Z.-Q.; Li, J.-F., 2021b. In situ Raman spectroscopy reveals the structure and dissociation of interfacial water. Nature, v. 600 (7887), 81-85. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41586-021-04068-z.

Wu, L.; An, L.; Jiao, D.; Xu, Y.; Zhang, G.; Jiao, K., 2022. Enhanced oxygen discharge with structured mesh channel in proton exchange membrane electrolysis cell. Applied Energy, v. 323, 119651. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.apenergy.2022.119651.

Zadeh, S.H., 2014. Hydrogen production via ultrasound-aided alkaline water electrolysis. Journal of Automation and Control Engineering, v. 2 (1). https://doi.org/10.12720/joace.2.1.103-109.

Zhang, Z.; Xing, X., 2020. Simulation and experiment of heat and mass transfer in a proton exchange membrane electrolysis cell. International Journal of Hydrogen Energy, v. 45 (39), 20184-20193. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijhydene.2020.02.102.

Zignani, S.C.; Faro, M.L.; Carbone, A.; Italiano, C.; Trocino, S.; Monforte, G.; Aricò, A.S., 2022. Performance and stability of a critical raw materials-free anion exchange membrane electrolysis cell. Electrochimica Acta, v. 413, 140078. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.electacta.2022.140078.

Zore, U.K.; Yedire, S.G.; Pandi, N.; Manickam, S.; Sonawane, S.H., 2021. A review on recent advances in hydrogen energy, fuel cell, biofuel and fuel refining via ultrasound process intensification. Ultrasonics Sonochemistry, v. 73, 105536. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ultsonch.2021.105536.