Comparative life cycle assessment in wastewater treatment plants: scenario analysis with OpenLCA
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.5327/Z2176-94782330Palavras-chave:
sustentabilidade; OpenLCA; viabilidade ambiental; impactos ambientais.Resumo
Apesar de desempenharem papel ambiental crucial, as estação de tratamento de efluente (ETE) também geram impactos ambientais em razão da demanda por recursos e da geração de resíduos. Dessa forma, de fundamental importância é a aplicação da metodologia de Avaliação de Ciclo de Vida (ACV) para uma análise global dos impactos provenientes delas. Este trabalho objetivou realizar a ACV de uma ETE de nível terciária, composta de reator anaeróbio seguido de lodos ativados, visando selecionar o cenário mais sustentável. O OpenLCA foi o softwareutilizado, junto com as bases de dados Ecoinvent, BIOENERGIEDAT_18, ELCD e NEEDS. Os métodos de referência para os cálculos das categorias de impacto foram CML-IA e ReCiPe. Três cenários foram simulados, o CT_Base, CT_Solar e o CT_Reúso. Todos foram modelados considerando a fase de operação e manutenção (O&M). O CT_Base admitiu a ETE conforme opera atualmente (energia elétrica por geração hidráulica), o CT_Solar opera totalmente por meio de energia solar e o CT_Reúso estabeleceu o reúso de 25% do efluente tratado. A unidade funcional (UF) adotada correspondeu ao volume de esgoto tratado em 15 anos de O&M da ETE. Para ambos os métodos aplicados, o CT_Solar se mostrou o cenário mais vantajoso ambientalmente. A quantidade de gases emitida no CT_Reúso, quando do transporte do efluente tratado para os pontos de reúso, potencializou os impactos negativos e consequentemente a degradação ambiental em diversas categorias, tornando-o assim o cenário menos sustentável.
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