Enzyme production by Trichoderma koningiopsis in an airlift bioreactor: potential for sustainable and circular bioproducts
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.5327/Z2176-94782816Keywords:
antioxidant enzymes; submerged fermentation; fungal biotechnology; bioprocess scale-up; environmental biotechnology.Abstract
A crescente necessidade de soluções sustentáveis e o avanço da economia circular destacam a busca por processos mais eficientes e de menor impacto ambiental. Nesse contexto, este estudo investigou a produção de um extrato fúngico rico em enzimas, obtido de Trichoderma koningiopsis, espécie conhecida por sua elevada capacidade de excreção de enzimas e amplamente explorada em pesquisas científicas com foco em aplicações agronômicas e ambientais. O extrato fúngico rico em enzimas foi obtido por meio de fermentação submersa em meio de cultura quimicamente definido, em biorreator Airlift, com amostras coletadas em 24 e 48 horas para análise posterior da atividade enzimática. As enzimas amilase, celulase, lacase, protease, lipase, ascorbato peroxidase, catalase, superóxido dismutase e peroxidase foram avaliadas, com resultados notáveis observados nas primeiras 24 horas de fermentação: amilase (209,55 U/mL), celulase (23,34 U/mL), protease (139,77 U/mL), peroxidase (609,55 U/mL), catalase (3.598,82 U/mL), superóxido dismutase (333,51 U/mL) e ascorbato peroxidase (53,34 U/mL). A atividade enzimática (U/mL) foi o parâmetro principal, e a atividade específica (U/mg de proteína) foi calculada adicionalmente para auxiliar na avaliação da pureza. Esses resultados demonstram um extrato fúngico rico em enzimas, com alto potencial biotecnológico, oferecendo purificação e aplicações futuras em setores como bioprocessos, biorremediação e outras soluções ambientais, contribuindo, assim, para estratégias sustentáveis de economia circular e apoiando o desenvolvimento futuro de formulações à base de biocompósitos.
Downloads
References
Alabdalall, A.H.; Alanazi, N.A.; Aldakeel, S.A.; AbdulAzeez, S.; Borgio, J.F., 2020. Molecular, physiological, and biochemical characterization of extracellular lipase production by Aspergillus niger using submerged fermentation. PeerJ, v. 8, e9425. https://doi.org/10.7717/peerj.9425.
Almuhayawi, M.S.; Hassan, E.A.; Alkuwaity, K.K.; Abujamel, T.S.; Mokhtar, J.A.; Niyazi, H.A.; Almasaudi, S.B.; Alamri, T.A.; Najjar, A.A.; Zabermawi, N.M.; Azhar, E.I.; Makki, R.M.; Niyazi, H.A.; Harakeh, S.M., 2023. Enzymatic-based hydrolysis of digested potato peel wastes by amylase producing fungi to improve biogas generation. Catalysts, v. 13, (5), 913. https://doi.org/10.3390/catal13050913.
Aragão, T.M.S.; Varize, C.S.; Santos, T.S.; Jain, S.; Mendonça, M.C., 2025. Exploring Aschersonia placenta: Characterization and submerged cultivation in an airlift bioreactor. Biocatalysis and Agricultural Biotechnology, v. 63, 103463. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bcab.2024.103463.
Asemoloye, M.D.; Ahmad, R.; Jonathan, S.G., 2018. Transcriptomic responses of catalase, peroxidase and laccase encoding genes and enzymatic activities of oil spill inhabiting rhizospheric fungal strains. Environmental Pollution, v. 235, 55-64. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envpol.2017.12.042.
Behera, B.C.; Sethi, B.K.; Mohapatra, S.; Thatoi, H.; Mishra, R.R., 2021. Bio-production of alkaline protease by Trichoderma longibrachiatum and Penicillium rubidurum using different agro-industrial products. Novel Research in Microbiology Journal, v. 5, (3), 1241-1255. https://doi.org/10.21608/nrmj.2021.178300.
Behin, J., 2012. Deinking in bubble column and airlift reactors: Influence of wastewater of Merox unit as pulping liquor. Chemical Engineering Research and Design, v. 90, (8), 1045-1051. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cherd.2011.10.021.
Benítez, T.; Rincón, A. M.; Limón, M. C.; Codón, A. C., 2004. Biocontrol mechanisms of Trichoderma strains. International Microbiology, v. 7, (4), 249-260.
Bhattacharya, R.; Arora, S.; Ghosh, S., 2024. Bioprocess optimization for food-grade cellulolytic enzyme production from sorghum waste in a novel solid-state fermentation bioreactor for enhanced apple juice clarification. Journal of Environmental Management, v. 358, 120781. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jenvman.2024.120781.
Bibi, F.; Ilyas, N.; Saeed, M.; Shabir, S.; Shati, A.A.; Alfaifi, M.Y.; Amesho, K.T.T.; Chowdhury, S.; Sayyed, R.Z., 2023. Innovative production of value-added products using agro-industrial wastes via solid-state fermentation. Environmental Science and Pollution Research, v. 30, (60), 125197-125213. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-023-28765-6.
Bisswanger, H., 2014. Enzyme assays. Perspectives in Science, v. 1, (1-6), 41-55. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pisc.2014.02.005.
Blaga, A.C.; Caşcaval, D.; Galaction, A.I., 2022. Improved production of α-amylase by Aspergillus terreus in presence of oxygen-vector. Fermentation, v. 8, (6), 271. https://doi.org/10.3390/fermentation8060271.
Bleckwedel, J.; Martínez, M.J.; Paula Claps, M.; de Lisi, V.; González, V.; Ploper, L.D.; Reznikov, S., 2024. Biological control of soybean charcoal rot by native Trichoderma koningiopsis in Tucumán, Argentina. Biological Control, v. 196, 105581. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biocontrol.2024.105581.
Boamah, S.; Zhang, S.; Xu, B.; Li, T.; Calderón-Urrea, A., 2021. Trichoderma longibrachiatum (TG1) Enhances Wheat Seedlings Tolerance to Salt Stress and Resistance to Fusarium pseudograminearum. Frontiers in Plant Science, v. 12, 741231. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpls.2021.741231.
Borham, A.; Bkhit, M.; Wang, J.; Qian, X., 2025. Immobilization of fungal laccase onto red seaweed biomass as a novel support for efficient dye decolorization. Environmental Technology & Innovation, v. 38, 104143. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.eti.2025.104143.
Bradford, M.M., 1976. A rapid and sensitive method for the quantitation of microgram quantities of protein utilizing the principle of protein-dye binding. Analytical Biochemistry, v. 72, (1-2), 248-254. https://doi.org/10.1016/0003-2697(76)90527-3.
Cagide, C.; Castro-Sowinski, S., 2020. Technological and biochemical features of lignin-degrading enzymes: a brief review. Environmental Sustainability, v. 3, (4), 371-389. https://doi.org/10.1007/s42398-020-00140-y.
Camargo, A.F.; Dalastra, C.; Ulrich, A.; Scapini, T.; Bonatto, C.; Klanovicz, N.; Michelon, W.; Lerin, L.; Alves Júnior, S.L.; Mossi, A.J.; Tramontin, M.A.; Bernardi, O.; Paudel, S.R.; Fongaro, G.; Treichel, H., 2023. The bioherbicidal potential of isolated fungi cultivated in microalgal biomass. Bioprocess and Biosystems Engineering, v. 46, (5), 665-679. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00449-023-02852-x.
Camargo, A.F.; Kubeneck, S.; Bonatto, C.; Bazoti, S.F.; Nerling, J.P.; Klein, G.H.; Michelon, W.; Alves, S.L.; Mossi, A.J.; Fongaro, G.; Treichel, H., 2024. Trichoderma koningiopsis fermentation in airlift bioreactor for bioherbicide production. Bioprocess and Biosystems Engineering, v. 47, (5), 651-663. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00449-024-02991-9.
Camargo, A.F.; Venturin, B.; Bordin, E.R.; Scapini, T., Spitza Stefanski, F.; Klanovicz, N.; Dalastra, C.; Kubeneck, S.; Preczeski, K.P.; Rossetto, V.; Weirich, S.; Carezia, C.; Ulkovski, C.; Reichert Júnior, F.W.; Müller, C.; Fongaro, G.; Mossi, A.J.; Treichel, H., 2020. A low-genotoxicity bioherbicide obtained from Trichoderma koningiopsis fermentation in a stirred-tank bioreactor. Industrial Biotechnology, v. 16, (3), 176-181. https://doi.org/10.1089/ind.2019.0024.
Cesário, L.M.; Pires, G.P.; Pereira, R.F.S.; Fantuzzi, E.; Silva Xavier, A.; Cassini, S.T.A.; Oliveira, J.P., 2021. Optimization of lipase production using fungal isolates from oily residues. BMC Biotechnology, v. 21, (1), 65. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12896-021-00724-4.
Cheng, L.; Xu, Z.; Zhou, X., 2023. Application of Trichoderma species increases plant salinity resistance: a bibliometric analysis and a meta-analysis. Journal of Soils and Sediments, v. 23, (7), 2641-2653. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11368-023-03557-0.
Chimbekujwo, K.I.; Ja'Afaru, M.I.; Adeyemo, O.M., 2020. Purification, characterization, and optimization conditions of protease produced by Aspergillus brasiliensis strain BCW2. Scientific African, 8, e00398. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.sciaf.2020.e00398.
Chisti, Y., 2000. Animal-cell damage in sparged bioreactors. Trends in Biotechnology, v. 18, (10), 420-432. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0167-7799(00)01474-8.
Cozma, P.; Gavrilescu, M., 2012. Airlift reactors: applications in wastewater treatment. Environmental Engineering and Management Journal, v. 11, (8), 1505-1515. https://doi.org/10.30638/eemj.2012.189.
Daranagama, N.D.; Shioya, K.; Yuki, M.; Sato, H.; Ohtaki, Y.; Suzuki, Y.; Shida, Y.; Ogasawara, W., 2019. Proteolytic analysis of Trichoderma reesei in celluase-inducing condition reveals a role for trichodermapepsin (TrAsP) in cellulase production. Journal of Industrial Microbiology and Biotechnology, v. 46, (6), 831-842. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10295-019-02155-9.
Devaiah, S.P.; Shetty, H.S., 2009. Purification of an infection-related acidic peroxidase from pearl millet seedlings. Pesticide Biochemistry and Physiology, v. 94, (2-3), 119-126. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pestbp.2009.04.010.
Ekedegba, F.E.; Ogbonna, A.I.; Nwibari, B.M.W.; Okoye, C.T.; Ogbonna, U.S.A.; Onyimba, I.A.; Madu, J.M.; Njoku, A.I., 2022. Optimization of amylase production in three fungal species. Asian Journal of Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology, v. 12, (4), 1-9. https://doi.org/10.9734/ajbgmb/2022/v12i4266.
Elsayed, E.A.; Farid, M.A.; El-Enshasy, H.A., 2019. Enhanced Natamycin production by Streptomyces natalensis in shake-flasks and stirred tank bioreactor under batch and fed-batch conditions. BMC Biotechnology, v. 19, (1), 46. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12896-019-0546-2.
Ezeilo, U.R.; Lee, C.T.; Huyop, F.; Zakaria, I.I.; Wahab, R.A., 2019. Raw oil palm frond leaves as cost-effective substrate for cellulase and xylanase productions by Trichoderma asperellum UC1 under solid-state fermentation. Journal of Environmental Management, v. 243, 206-217. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jenvman.2019.04.113.
Eziashi, E.; Uma, N.U.; Adedotun, A.; Airede, C.E., 2005. Effect of metabolites produced by Trichoderma species against Ceratocystis paradoxa in culture medium. African Journal of Biotechnology, v. 5, (9), 703-706. https://doi.org/10.5897/AJB06.166
Fal, S.; Aasfar, A.; Rabie, R.; Smouni, A.; Arroussi, H., 2022. Salt induced oxidative stress alters physiological, biochemical and metabolomic responses of green microalga Chlamydomonas reinhardtii. Heliyon, v. 8, (1), e08811. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.heliyon.2022.e08811.
Garda-Buffon, J.; Badiale-Furlong, E., 2010. Kinetics of deoxynivalenol degradation by Aspergillus oryzae and Rhizopus oryzae in submerged fermentation. Journal of the Brazilian Chemical Society, v. 21, (4), 710-714. https://doi.org/10.1590/S0103-50532010000400018.
Giap, V.D.; Duc, H.T.; Huong, P.T.M.; Hanh, D.T.; Nghi, D.H.; Duy, V.D.; Quynh, D.T., 2022. Purification and characterization of lignin peroxidase from white-rot fungi Pleurotus pulmonarius CPG6 and its application in decolorization of synthetic textile dyes. Journal of General and Applied Microbiology, v. 68, (6), 262-269. https://doi.org/10.2323/jgam.2022.05.005.
GlobeNewswire (Accessed on February 20, 2025) at:. http://www.globenewswire.com.
Gricajeva, A.; Bikutė, I.; Kalėdienė, L., 2019. Atypical organic-solvent tolerant bacterial hormone sensitive lipase-like homologue EstAG1 from Staphylococcus saprophyticus AG1: Synthesis and characterization. International Journal of Biological Macromolecules, v. 130, 253-265. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2019.02.110.
Guzmán-Guzmán, P.; Kumar, A.; Santos-Villalobos, S.; Parra-Cota, F.I.; Orozco-Mosqueda, M.C.; Fadiji, A.E.; Hyder, S.; Babalola, O.O.; Santoyo, G., 2023. Trichoderma Species: our best fungal allies in the biocontrol of plant diseases—a review. Plants, v. 12, (3), 432. https://doi.org/10.3390/plants12030432.
Hasan, M.; Mokhtar, A.S.; Mahmud, K.; Berahim, Z.; Rosli, A.M.; Hamdan, H.; Motmainna, M.; Ahmad-Hamdani, M.S., 2022. Physiological and biochemical responses of selected weed and crop species to the plant-based bioherbicide WeedLock. Scientific Reports, v. 12, (1), 19602. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-022-24144-2.
Havir, E.A.; McHale, N.A. 1987. Biochemical and developmental characterization of multiple forms of catalase in tobacco leaves. Plant Physiology, v. 84, (2), 450-455. https://doi.org/10.1104/pp.84.2.450.
Hu, Y.; Chen, X.; Tan, Z., 2023. Three-phase partitioning constructed by pH-responsive deep eutectic solvents and sugars for purification of radish (Raphanus sativus L.) peroxidase. Separation and Purification Technology, v. 322, 124353. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.seppur.2023.124353.
Huo, Y.-Y.; Rong, Z.; Jian, S.-L.; Xu, C.-D.; Li, J.; Xu, X.-W., 2017. A Novel Halotolerant Thermoalkaliphilic Esterase from Marine Bacterium Erythrobacter seohaensis SW-135. Frontiers in Microbiology, v. 8, 02315. https://doi.org/10.3389/fmicb.2017.02315.
Jesus, S.S.D.; Moreira Neto, J.; Maciel Filho, R., 2017. Hydrodynamics and mass transfer in bubble column, conventional airlift, stirred airlift and stirred tank bioreactors, using viscous fluid: A comparative study. Biochemical Engineering Journal, v. 118, 70-81. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bej.2016.11.019.
Kämper, J.; Kahmann, R.; Bölker, M.; Ma, L. J.; Brefort, T.; Saville, B. J.; Banuett, F.; Kronstad, J. W.; Gold, S. E.; Müller, O.; Perlin, M. H.; Wösten, H. A.; Vries, R.; Ruiz-Herrera, J.; Reynaga-Peña, C. G.; Snetselaar, K.; McCann, M.; Pérez-Martín, J.; Feldbrügge, M.; Basse, C. W.; Steinberg, G.; Ibeas, J. I.; Holloman, W.; Guzman, P.; Farman, M.; Stajich, J. E.; Sentandreu, R.; González-Prieto, J. M.; Kennell, J. C.; Molina, L.; Schirawski, J.; Mendoza-Mendoza, A.; Greilinger, D.; Münch, K.; Rössel, N.; Scherer, M.; Vranes, M.; Ladendorf, O.; Vincon, V.; Fuchs, U.; Sandrock, B.; Meng, S.; Ho, E. C.; Cahill, M. J.; Boyce, K. J.; Klose, J.; Klosterman, S. J.; Deelstra, H. J.; Ortiz-Castellanos, L.; Li, W.; Sanchez-Alonso, P.; Schreier, P. H.; Häuser-Hahn, I.; Vaupel, M.; Koopmann, E.; Friedrich, G.; Voss, H.; Schlüter, T.; Margolis, J.; Platt, D.; Swimmer, C.; Gnirke, A.; Chen, F.; Vysotskaia, V.; Mannhaupt, G.; Güldener, U.; Münsterkötter, M.; Haase, D.; Oesterheld, M.; Mewes, H. W.; Mauceli, E. W.; DeCaprio, D.; Wade, C. M.; Butler, J.; Young, S.; Jaffe, D. B.; Calvo, S.; Nusbaum, C.; Galagan, J.; Birren, B. W., 2006. Insights from the genome of the biotrophic fungal plant pathogen Ustilago maydis. Nature, v. 444, (7115), 97-101. https://doi.org/10.1038/nature05248.
Kubeneck, S.; Camargo, A.F.; Longo, V.D.; Romani, L.C.; Nerling, J.P.; Bazoti, S.F.; Pagno, C.H.; Rodrigues, E.; Treichel, H., 2025. Characterization of enzymatic and metabolic of a biocomposite based on Trichoderma koningiopsis and chlorella biomass. Biocatalysis and Agricultural Biotechnology, v. 65, 103542. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bcab.2025.103542.
Kumar, V.; Dwivedi, S.K., 2019. Hexavalent chromium stress response, reduction capability and bioremediation potential of Trichoderma sp. isolated from electroplating wastewater. Ecotoxicology and Environmental Safety, v. 185, 109734. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecoenv.2019.109734.
Kumar, A.; Verma, V.; Dubey, V.K.; Srivastava, A.; Garg, S.K.; Singh, V.P.; Arora, P.K., 2023. Industrial applications of fungal lipases: a review. Frontiers in Microbiology, v. 14, 1142536. https://doi.org/10.3389/fmicb.2023.1142536.
Küpper, V.; Kortekamp, A.; Steiner, U., 2023. Combining Trichoderma koningiopsis and chitosan as a synergistic biocontrol and biostimulating complex to reduce copper rates for downy mildew control on grapevine. Biological Control, v. 185, 105293. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biocontrol.2023.105293.
Liu, Y.; Wang, H.; Xu, Y.; Wang, D.; Zhu, X.; Wang, M.; Teng, J., 2025. Menthol-based hydrophobic deep eutectic solvents for the purification of tea peroxidase using a three-phase partition method. LWT, v. 218, 117528. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.lwt.2025.117528.
Macchione, M.M.; Merheb, C.W.; Gomes, E.; Silva, R., 2008. Protease production by different thermophilic fungi. Applied Biochemistry and Biotechnology, v. 146, (1-3), 223-230. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12010-007-8034-x.
Magalhães, F.F.; Pereira, A.F.; Cristóvão, R.O.; Barros, R.A.M.; Faria, J.L.; Silva, C.G.; Freire, M.G.; Tavares, A.P.M., 2024. Recent developments and challenges in the application of fungal laccase for the biodegradation of textile dye pollutants. Mini-Reviews in Organic Chemistry, v. 21, (6), 609–632. https://doi.org/10.2174/1570193X20666221104140632.
Meneses, D.P.; Paixão, L.M.N.; Fonteles, T.V.; Gudiña, E.J.; Rodrigues, L.R.; Fernandes, F.A.N.; Rodrigues, S., 2021. Esterase production by Aureobasidium pullulans URM 7059 in stirred tank and airlift bioreactors using residual biodiesel glycerol as substrate. Biochemical Engineering Journal, v. 168, 107954. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bej.2021.107954.
Miller, G.L., 1959. Use of dinitrosalicylic acid reagent for determination of reducing sugar. Analytical Chemistry, v. 31, (3), 426-428. https://doi.org/10.1021/ac60147a030.
Mokrani, S.; Houali, K.; Yadav, K.K.; Arabi, A.I.; Eltayeb, L.B.; Alreshidi, M.; Benguerba, Y.; Cabral-Pinto, M.M.; Nabti, E. H., 2024. Bioremediation techniques for soil organic pollution: Mechanisms, microorganisms, and technologies—A comprehensive review. Ecological Engineering, v. 207, 107338. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecoleng.2024.107338.
Monica, M.; Uppuluri, K.B., 2025. Development of an integrated bioprocess using Trichoderma harzianum BPGF1 for hexavalent chromium remediation and cellulolytic enzyme production. Process Safety and Environmental Protection, v. 201, (part A), 107527. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.psep.2025.107527.
Nakano, Y.; Asada, K., 1981. Hydrogen peroxide is scavenged by ascorbate-specific peroxidase in spinach chloroplasts. Plant and Cell Physiology, v. 22, (5), 867-880. https://doi.org/10.1093/oxfordjournals.pcp.a076232.
Nuhu, A.; Hussaini, I.; Gide, S.; Anas, G.; Madika, A., 2020. Production of laccase by fungi isolated from soil via submerged fermentation using corn cob as substrate. Fudma Journal of Sciences, v. 4, (3), 224-229. https://doi.org/10.33003/fjs-2020-0403-296.
Okeke, E.S.; Ezugwu, A.L.; Anaduaka, E.G.; Mayel, M.H.; Ezike, T.C.; & Ossai, E.C., 2024. Ligninolytic and cellulolytic enzymes — biocatalysts for green agenda. Biomass Conversion and Biorefinery, v. 14, (3), 3031-3055. https://doi.org/10.1007/s13399-022-02777-7.
Orejuela-Escobar, L.; Gualle, A.; Ochoa-Herrera, V.; Philippidis, G.P., 2021. Prospects of microalgae for biomaterial production and environmental applications at biorefineries. Sustainability, v. 13, (6), 3063. https://doi.org/10.3390/su13063063.
Patel, G.B.; Shah, K.R., 2020. Isolation, screening and identification of Lipase producing fungi from cotton seed soapstock. Indian Journal of Science and Technology, v. 13, (36), 3762-3771. https://doi.org/10.17485/IJST/v13i36.1099.
Peláez, R.D.R.; Wischral, D.; Mendes, T.D.; Pacheco, T.F.; Urben, A.F.; Helm, C.V.; Mendonça, S.; Balan, V.; Gonçalves de Siqueira, F., 2021. Co-culturing of micro- and macro-fungi for producing highly active enzyme cocktail for producing biofuels. Bioresource Technology Reports, 16, 100833. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biteb.2021.100833.
Peter, J.K.; Singh, R.; Yadav, A.K.; Kothari, R.; Mehta, P.K., 2024. Toxicity of nitriles/amides-based products in the environment and their enzymatic bioremediation. Journal of Hazardous Materials Advances, v. 13, 100389. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.hazadv.2023.100389.
Poveda, J., 2021. Trichoderma as biocontrol agent against pests: New uses for a mycoparasite. Biological Control, v. 159, 104634. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biocontrol.2021.104634.
Rahimi, M.J.; Sitaraman, H.; Humbird, D.; Stickel, J.J., 2018. Computational fluid dynamics study of full-scale aerobic bioreactors: Evaluation of gas–liquid mass transfer, oxygen uptake, and dynamic oxygen distribution. Chemical Engineering Research and Design, v. 139, 283-295. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cherd.2018.08.033.
Rai, P.; Tiwari, S.; Gaur, R., 2012. Optimization of process parameters for cellulase production by novel thermotolerant yeast. BioResources, v. 7, (4), 5401-5414.
Ramamurthy, V.; Cheepurupalli, L.; Singh, S.; Rathore, J.; Ramakrishnan, J., 2017. Co-culture: a promising method in enzyme production. International Journal of Chemtech Research, v. 10, (6), 720-726.
Ranjan, R.; Yadav, M.K.; Suneja, G.; Sharma, R., 2018. Discovery of a diverse set of esterases from hot spring microbial mat and sea sediment metagenomes. International Journal of Biological Macromolecules, v. 119, 572-581. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2018.07.170.
Rathore, S.; Varshney, A.; Mohan, S.; Dahiya, P., 2022. An innovative approach of bioremediation in enzymatic degradation of xenobiotics. Biotechnology and Genetic Engineering Reviews, v. 38, (1), 1-32. https://doi.org/10.1080/02648725.2022.2027628.
Reino, J.L.; Guerrero, R.F.; Hernández-Galán, R.; Collado, I.G., 2007. Secondary metabolites from species of the biocontrol agent Trichoderma. Phytochemistry Reviews, v. 7, (1), 89-123. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11101-006-9032-2.
Robert, J.M.; Lattari, F.S.; Machado, A.C.; Castro, A.M.; Almeida, R.V.; Torres, F.A.G.; Valero, F.; Freire, D.M.G., 2017. Production of recombinant lipase B from Candida antarctica in Pichia pastoris under control of the promoter PGK using crude glycerol from biodiesel production as carbon source. Biochemical Engineering Journal, v. 118, 123-131. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bej.2016.11.018.
Sabzi-Nojadeh, M.; Pouresmaeil, M.; Amani, M.; Younessi-Hamzekhanlu, M.; Maggi, F., 2024. Colonization of Satureja hortensis L. (Summer savory) with Trichoderma harzianum alleviates salinity stress via improving physio-biochemical traits and biosynthesis of secondary metabolites. Industrial Crops and Products, v. 208, 117831. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.indcrop.2023.117831.
Schuster, A.; Schmoll, M., 2010. Biology and biotechnology of Trichoderma. Applied Microbiology and Biotechnology, v. 87, (3), 787-799. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00253-010-2632-1.
Sikula, I.; Juraščík, M.; Markoš, J., 2007. Modeling of fermentation in an internal loop airlift bioreactor. Chemical Engineering Science, v. 62, (18-20), 5216-5221. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ces.2007.01.050.
Simcik, M.; Mota, A.; Ruzicka, M.C.; Vicente, A.; Teixeira, J., 2011. CFD simulation and experimental measurement of gas holdup and liquid interstitial velocity in internal loop airlift reactor. Chemical Engineering Science, v. 66, (14), 3268-3279. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ces.2011.01.059.
Sun, Y.; Qian, Y.; Zhang, J.; Wang, Y.; Li, X.; Zhang, W.; Wang, L.; Liu, H.; Zhong, Y., 2021. Extracellular protease production regulated by nitrogen and carbon sources in Trichoderma reesei. Journal of Basic Microbiology, v. 61, (2), 122-132. https://doi.org/10.1002/jobm.202000566.
Souza, I.; Bassi, G.; Luiz, J.; Hirata, D., 2018. Isolation and screening of extracellular lipase-producing endophytic fungi from Handroanthus impetiginosus. Asian Journal of Biotechnology and Bioresource Technology, v. 4, (2), 1-10. https://doi.org/10.9734/AJB2T/2018/43014.
Tamhankar, S.; Patil, C.; Khan, A.; Shinde, Y.; Reshamwala, S.M.S.; Mathpati, C.; Joshi, J., 2025. Scaling-up of fungal mycelium cultivation on fabric support in internal loop airlift reactor: CFD and prototype study. Biochemical Engineering Journal, v. 215, 109613. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bej.2024.109613.
Tang, C.; Gao, R.; Tang, X.; Zhang, Y.; Feng, W.; Feng, B.; Lu, X., 2024. Metabolites isolated from Penicillium HDS-Z-1E, an endophytic fungal strain isolated from Taxus cuspidata and their activation effect of catalase. Chinese Herbal Medicines, v. 16, (2), 227-230. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chmed.2022.12.009.
Teli, S.M.; Mathpati, C., 2022. Process optimization and CFD simulation in external loop airlift reactor and sectionalized external loop airlift for application of wastewater treatment. International Journal of Chemical Reactor Engineering, v. 20, (8), 887-902. https://doi.org/10.1515/ijcre-2021-0146.
Thrimothi, D.; Sujatha, E.; Swetha, K.G.; Krishna, G., 2023. Isolation, screening, identification, and assessment of laccase-producing fungi isolated from different environmental samples. Biosciences Biotechnology Research Asia, v. 20, (4), 1303-1315. https://doi.org/10.13005/bbra/3177.
Toker, S.K.; Evlat, H.; Koçyi̇ği̇t, A., 2021. Screening of newly isolated marine-derived fungi for their laccase production and decolorization of different dye types. Regional Studies in Marine Science, v. 45, 101837. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rsma.2021.101837.
Treichel, H.; Sbardelotto, M.; Venturin, B.; Agnol, A.D.; Mulinari, J.; Golunski, S.M.; Baldoni, D.B.; Bevilacqua, C.B.; Seminoti Jacques, R.J.; Vargas, G.D.L.P.; Mossi, A.J., 2017. Lipase production from a newly isolated Aspergillus niger by solid state fermentation using canola cake as substrate. Current Biotechnology, v. 6, (4), 295-300. https://doi.org/10.2174/2211550105666151124193225.
Viñarta, S.C.; Angelicola, M.; Garolera, B.; Fernández, P.M., 2024. Harnessing microbial recycling of organic wastes in a circular waste management system for greenhouse gas reduction. In: Kumar, W.; Bhat, S.A.; Kumar, S.; Verma, P. (Eds.), Environmental engineering and waste management. Springer Nature, Switzerland, pp. 391-414. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-58441-1_14.
Viterbo, A.; Ramot, O.; Chernin, L.; Chet, I., 2002. Significance of lytic enzymes from Trichoderma spp. in the biocontrol of fungal plant pathogens. Antonie van Leeuwenhoek, v. 81, (1-4), 549-556. https://doi.org/10.1023/A:1020553421740.
Waghmare, S.R.; Gurav, A.A.; Mali, S.A.; Nadaf, N.H.; Jadhav, D.B.; Sonawane, K.D., 2015. Purification and characterization of novel organic solvent tolerant 98kDa alkaline protease from isolated Stenotrophomonas maltophilia strain SK. Protein Expression and Purification, v. 107, 1-6. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pep.2014.11.002.
Wang, L.; Liang, H.; Du, X.; Chen, G.; Lai, W.; Liu, Y.; Li, M.; Gao, D., 2025. Enzymatic bioremediation of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) in contaminated soil: a study on the recombinant laccase TVL. Environmental Technology, v. 46, (8), 1242-1251. https://doi.org/10.1080/09593330.2024.2381644.
Wösten, H.A.B., 2019. Filamentous fungi for the production of enzymes, chemicals and materials. Current Opinion in Biotechnology, v. 59, 65-70. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.copbio.2019.02.010.
Xu, Y.; Zeng, B.; Xiao, S.; Wang, D.; Liu, Y.; Chen, S.; Teng, J., 2024. Purification of polyphenol oxidase from tea (Camellia sinensis) using three-phase partitioning with a green deep eutectic solvent. Food Chemistry: X, v. 23, 101720. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.fochx.2024.101720.
Zhang, S.; Xu, B.; Gan, Y., 2019. Seed treatment with Trichoderma longibrachiatum T6 promotes wheat seedling growth under NaCl stress through activating the enzymatic and nonenzymatic antioxidant defense systems. International Journal of Molecular Sciences, v. 20, (15), 3729. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms20153729.
Zhu, X.; Qi, J.; Cheng, L.; Zhen, G.; Lu, X.; Zhang, X., 2022. Depolymerization and conversion of waste-activated sludge to value-added bioproducts by fungi. Fuel, v. 320, 123890. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.fuel.2022.123890.
Zhuo, R.; Fan, F., 2021. A comprehensive insight into the application of white rot fungi and their lignocellulolytic enzymes in the removal of organic pollutants. Science of The Total Environment, v. 778, 146132. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2021.146132.
Published
How to Cite
Issue
Section
License
Copyright (c) 2026 Marcelli Powzum Amorim, Fernanda dos Santos Correa, Vitória Dassoler Longo, Helen Treichel
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.
Authors retain copyright over their work, granting the journal the right to its first publication.
