Bisphenol A Acute Toxicity to the Macroinvertebrate Chironomus sancticaroli (Diptera, Chironomidae) and Sensitivity Analysis of the Species to BPA Analogs

Suzelei Rodgher; Driele Tavares; Maiconn Vinicius de Moraes

doi:10.5327/Z2176-94782512

Authors

Suzelei Rodgher Universidade Estadual Paulista “Júlio de Mesquita Filho” (UNESP) - Brazil https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6634-8892
Driele Tavares Universidade Estadual Paulista “Júlio de Mesquita Filho” (UNESP) - Brazil https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4486-5463
Maiconn Vinicius de Moraes Universidade Estadual Paulista “Júlio de Mesquita Filho” (UNESP) - Brazil https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4612-3618

DOI:

https://doi.org/10.5327/Z2176-94782512

Keywords:

emerging contaminants; ecotoxicology; hazardous concentration; tropics.

Abstract

Due to concerns about the potential health risks associated with bisphenol A (BPA), several alternatives have been developed. The most common BPA analogs include bisphenol F (BPF) and bisphenol S (BPS). The objective of this study was to evaluate the sensitivity of the tropical macroinvertebrate Chironomus sancticaroli to BPA by performing acute toxicity tests. In addition, species sensitivity distribution (SSD) curves were constructed to compare the sensitivity of C. sancticaroli to different taxonomic groups when exposed to BPA, as well as to evaluate the sensitivity of varying freshwater organisms exposed to BPF and BPS, addressing the SSD analysis. The Predicted No-Effect-Concentrations (PNECs) values of bisphenols were calculated. The average value of the 48-h EC50 of BPA based on the measured concentration for the first instar larva of C. sancticaroli was 6.71 mg L⁻¹. The SSD curve of BPA demonstrated that C. sancticaroli presented an intermediate sensitivity to BPA when compared to two other chironomid species commonly used in toxicity tests. As demonstrated by PNECS values developed in the present study, the order of toxicity based on all species was BPA > BPF > BPS. This study highlights the need to expand data on the acute and chronic toxicity of BPA and its analogs for tropical freshwater biota to estimate potential effects of bisphenols.

Downloads

Download data is not yet available.

References

Ahmad, S.; Akmal, H.; Shahzad, K.; Ahmad Khan, M.K.; Jabeen, F., 2024. Evaluating the toxicity induced by bisphenol F in Labeo rohita fish using multiple biomarker approach. Scientifica, v. 2024, 8646751. https://doi.org/10.1155/2024/8646751.

Atengueño-Reyes, K.; Velásquez-Orta, S. B.; Yáñez-Noguez, I.; Monje-Ramírez, I.; Orta-Ledesma, M. T., 2024. Removal processes and estrogenic activity of bisphenol — A and triclosan using microalgae. Algal Research, v. 82, 103670. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.algal.2024.103670.

Azevedo, D.A.; Lacorte, S.; Viana, P.; Barceló, D., 2001. Occurrence of nonylphenol and bisphenol-A in surface waters from Portugal. Journal of the Brazilian Chemical Society, v. 12 (4), 532-537. https://doi.org/10.1590/S0103-50532001000400015.

Azizullah, A.; Khan, S.; Gao, G.; Gao, K., 2022. The interplay between bisphenol A and algae – A review. Journal of King Saud University - Science, v. 34 (5). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jksus.2022.102050.

Bedoya-Ríos, D.F.; Lara-Borrero, J.A.; Duque-Pardo, V.; Madera-Parra, C.A.; Jimenez, E.M.; Toro, A.F., 2018. Study of the occurrence and ecosystem danger of selected endocrine disruptors in the urban water cycle of the city of Bogotá, Colombia. Journal of Environmental Science and Health, Part A, v. 53 (4), 317-325. https://doi.org/10.1080/10934529.2017.1401372.

Belanger, S.; Barron, M.; Craig, P.; Dyer, S.; Galay-Burgos, M.; Hamer, M.; Marshall, S.; Posthuma, L.; Raimondo, S.; Whitehouse, P., 2016. Future needs and recommendations in the development of species sensitivity distributions: estimating toxicity thresholds for aquatic ecological communities and assessing impacts of chemical exposures. Integrated Environmental Assessment and Management, v. 13, 664-674. https://doi.org/10.1002/ieam.1841.

Brasil, 2005. Conselho Nacional do Meio Ambiente – CONAMA, 2005. Resolução CONAMA n. 357, de 17 de março de 2005. Diário Oficial da União, Brasília.

Brovini, E.M.; Lobo, H.; Mendonça, R.F., 2023. Chironomus sancticaroli (Diptera: Chironomidae) in ecotoxicology: laboratory cultures and tests. Ecotoxicology, v. 32, 223-233. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10646-023-02631-0.

Campbell, P.G.C.; Hodson, P.V.; Welbourn, P.M.; Wright, D.A., 2022. Ecotoxicology. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge. https://doi.org/10.1017/9781108819732.

Chae, Y.; Bae, S.; Moon, H.G.; Kim, Y.J.; Park, C.B.; Park, J.W.; Kim, D.W.; Seo, J.S.; Kim, S., 2023. Identification of aquatic ecological risk of bisphenol S in four Asian countries based on the SSD and alternative toxicity data of model species Danio rerio. Environmental Science and Pollution Research International, v. 30 (31), 77285-77298. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-023-27915-0.

Chen, D.; Kannan, K.; Tan, H.; Zheng, Z.; Feng, Y. L.; Wu, Y., 2016. Bisphenol analogues other than BPA: Environmental occurrence, human exposure, and toxicity — A review. Environmental Science & Technology, v. 50 (11), 5438-5453. https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.est.5b05387.

Chen, M.; Guo, M.; Xu, H., 2017. Distribution characteristics and potential risk of bisphenol analogues in surface water and sediments of lake Taihu. Environmental Science, v. 38 (7), 2793-2800. https://doi.org/10.13227/j.hjkx.201611091.

Chen, S.; Li, X.; Li, H.; Yuan, S.; Li, J.; Liu, C., 2021. Greater toxic potency of bisphenol AF than bisphenol A in growth, reproduction, and transcription of genes in Daphnia magna. Environmental Science and Pollution Research, v. 28, 25218-25227. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-020-12153-5.

Corbi, J., 2021. Indicadores biológicos de qualidade em ambientes aquáticos continentais: métricas e recortes para análises. RFB Editora. https://doi.org/10.46898/rfb.9786558891321.

Czarny-Krzymińska, K.; Krawczyk, B.; Szczukocki, D., 2023. Bisphenol A and its substitutes in the aquatic environment: Occurrence and toxicity assessment. Chemosphere, v. 315, 137763. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chemosphere.2023.137763.

Ding, T.; Li, W.; Yang, M.; Yang, B.; Li, J., 2020. Toxicity and biotransformation of bisphenol S in freshwater green alga Chlorella vulgaris. The Science of the Total Environment, v. 747, 141144. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2020.141144.

Dornfeld, C.B.; Rodgher, S.; Negri, R.G.; Espíndola, E.L.G.; Daam, M.A., 2019. Chironomus sancticaroli (Diptera, Chironomidae) as a sensitive tropical test species in laboratory bioassays evaluating metals (copper and cadmium) and field testing. Archives of Environmental Contamination and Toxicology, v. 76 (1), 42-50. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00244-018-0575-1.

Eio, E.J.; Kawai, M.; Niwa, C., Masato, I.; Yamamoto, S.; Toda, T., 2015. Biodegradation of bisphenol A by an algal-bacterial system. Environmental Science and Pollution Research, v. 22, 15145-15153. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-015-4693-2.

Elliott, S.M.; Brigham, M.E.; Kiesling, R.L.; Schoenfuss, H.L.; Jorgenson, Z.G., 2018. Environmentally relevant chemical mixtures of concern in waters of United States tributaries to the Great Lakes. Integrated Environmental Assessment and Management, v. 14, 509-518. https://doi.org/10.1002/ieam.4041.

European Commission Joint Research Centre, 2003. Technical guidance document on risk assessment. v. Part II. European Chemicals Bureau, Ispra.

Fabrello, J.; Ciscato, M.; Asnicar, D.; Giorgi, J.; Roverso, M.; Bogialli, S.; Matozzo, V., 2024. Effects of Bisphenol A analogues and their mixture on the crab Carcinus aestuarii: Cytotoxicity, oxidative stress and damage, neurotoxicity, physiological responses, and bioaccumulation. Marine Environmental Research, v. 202, 106800. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.marenvres.2024.106800.

Ferguson, M.; Lorenzen-Schmidt, I.; Pyle, W.G., 2019. Bisphenol S rapidly depresses heart function through estrogen receptor-β and decreases phospholamban phosphorylation in a sex-dependent manner. Scientific Reports, v. 9. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-019-52350-y.

Ferreira, C.C.; Teixeira, L.C.G.M.; Aquino, S.F., 2023. Occurrence of drugs and endocrine disruptors in the filters washing water from a water treatment plant in Belém (PA), Brazil. Revista Brasileira de Ciências Ambientais (RBCIAMB), v 58 (2), 212-223. https://doi.org/10.5327/Z2176-94781605.

Fromme, H.; Küchler, T.; Otto, T.; Pilz, K.; Müller, J.; Wenzel, A., 2002. Occurrence of phthalates and bisphenol A and F in the environment. Water Research, v. 36 (6), 1429-1438. https://doi.org/10.1016/s0043-1354(01)00367-0.

Gao, D.; Muhammad, J.; Chen, X.; Liao, H.; Chen, G.; Wang, J., 2023. Interaction of micro(nano)plastics and bisphenols in the environment: A recent perspective on adsorption mechanisms, influencing factors and ecotoxic impacts. TrAC Trends in Analytical Chemistry, v. 165, 117132. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.trac.2023.117132.

Gewurtz, S.B.; Tardif, G.; Power, M.; Backus, S.M.; Dove, A.; Dubé-Roberge, K.; Garron, C.; King, M.; Lalonde, B.; Letcher, R. J.; Martin, P.A.; McDaniel, T.V.; McGoldrick, D.J.; Pelletier, M.; Small, J.; Smyth, S.A.; Teslic, S.; Tessier, J., 2021. Bisphenol A in the Canadian environment: a multimedia analysis. Science of the Total Environment, v. 755, 142472. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2020.142472.

Guo, R.; Du, Y.; Zheng, F.; Wang, J.; Wang, Z.; Ji, R.; Chen, J., 2017. Bioaccumulation and elimination of bisphenol A (BPA) in the alga Chlorella pyrenoidosa and the potential for trophic transfer to the rotifer Brachionus calyciflorus. Environmental Pollution, v. 227. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envpol.2017.05.010.

Hamilton, M.A.; Russo, R.C.; Thurston, R.V., 1977. Trimmed Spearman-Karber method for estimating median lethal concentrations in toxicity bioassays. Environmental Science & Technology, v. 11 (7), 714-719. https://doi.org/10.1021/es60130a004.

Han, Y.; Fei, Y.; Wang, M.; Xue, Y.; Chen, H.; Liu, Y., 2021. Study on the joint toxicity of BPZ, BPS, BPC, and BPF to zebrafish. Molecules, v. 26 (14), 4180. https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules26144180.

Herrero, Ó.; Aquilino, M.; Sánchez-Argüello, P.; Planelló, R., 2018. The BPA-substitute bisphenol S alters the transcription of genes related to endocrine, stress response and biotransformation pathways in the aquatic midge Chironomus riparius (Diptera, Chironomidae). PloS One, v. 13 (2), e0193387. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0193387.

Huang, Y.Q.; Wong, C.K.; Zheng, J.S.; Bouwman, H.; Barra, R.; Wahlström, B.; Neretin, L.; Wong, M.H., 2012. Bisphenol A (BPA) in China: a review of sources, environmental levels, and potential human health impacts. Environment International, v. 42, 91-99. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envint.2011.04.010.

In, S.; Yoon, H.W.; Yoo, J.-W.; Cho, H.; Kim, R.O.; Lee, Y.-M., 2019. Acute toxicity of bisphenol A and its structural analogues and transcriptional modulation of the ecdysone-mediated pathway in the brackish water flea Diaphanosoma celebensis. Ecotoxicology and Environmental Safety, v. 179, 310-317. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecoenv.2019.04.065.

Jung, J.W.; Kang, J.S.; Choi, J.; Park, J.W., 2020. Chronic toxicity of endocrine-disrupting chemicals used in plastic products in Korean resident species: Implications for aquatic ecological risk assessment. Ecotoxicology and Environmental Safety, v. 192, 110309. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecoenv.2020.110309.

Kim, J.-H.; Park, K.; Kim, W.S.; Kwak, IS., 2024. Expressions of immune prophenoloxidase (proPO) system-related genes under oxidative stress in the gonads and stomach of the mud crab (Macrophthalmus japonicus) exposed to endocrine-disrupting chemicals. Antioxidants, v. 13, 1433. https://doi.org/10.3390/antiox13121433.

Lalwani, D.; Ruan, Y.; Taniyasu, S.; Yamazaki, E.; Kumar, N.J.I.; Lam, P.K.S.; Wang, X.; Yamashita, N., 2020. Nationwide distribution and potential risk of bisphenol analogues in Indian waters. Ecotoxicology and Environmental Safety, v. 200, 110718. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecoenv.2020.110718.

Le, V.G.; Nguyen, M.K.; Nguyen, H.L.; Thai, V.A.; Le, V.R.; Vu, Q.M.; Asaithambi, P.; Chang, S.W., Nguyen, D.D., 2024. Ecotoxicological response of algae to contaminants in aquatic environments: a review. Environmental Chemistry Letters, v. 22, 919-939. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10311-023-01680-5.

Li, J.; Li, W.; Huang, X.; Ding, T., 2021. Comparative study on the toxicity and removal of bisphenol S in two typical freshwater algae. Environmental Science and Pollution Research, v. 28, 36861-36869. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-021-13224-x.

Lima, J.; Gazonato Neto, A.; Andrade, D.; Freitas, E.; Moreira, R.; Miguel, M.; Daam, M.; Rocha, O., 2019. Acute toxicity of four metals to three tropical aquatic invertebrates: The dragonfly Tramea cophysa and the ostracods Chlamydotheca sp. and Strandesia trispinosa. Ecotoxicology and Environmental Safety, v. 180, 535-541. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecoenv.2019.05.018.

Liu, J.; Zhang, L.; Lu, G.; Jiang, R.; Yan, Z.; Li, Y., 2021. Occurrence, toxicity and ecological risk of Bisphenol A analogues in aquatic environment - A review. Ecotoxicology and Environmental Safety, v. 208. 111481. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecoenv.2020.111481.

Mau, T.D.; Trang, L.V.K.; Trinh, N.N.T.; Son, T.N.; Minh, V.V., 2019. Effects of potassium dichromate on the survival and reproduction of Moina micrura Kurz, 1875 (Cladocera: Moinidae). Academia Journal of Biology, v. 41 (1). https://doi.org/10.15625/0866-7160/v41n1.12568.

Miracle, M.R.; Nandini, S.; Sarma, S.S.S.; Vicente, E., 2011. Endocrine-disrupting effects, at different temperatures, on Moina micrura (Cladocera: Crustacea) induced by carbendazim, a fungicide. Hydrobiologia, v. 668, 155-170. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10750-011-0638-z.

Mohan, S.; Jacob, J.; Malini, N.A.; Prabhakar, R.; Kayalakkakathu, R.G., 2024. Biochemical responses and antioxidant defense mechanisms in Channa striatus exposed to bisphenol S. Journal of Biochemical and Molecular Toxicology, v. 38 (2), e23651. https://doi.org/10.1002/jbt.23651.

Morales, M.; la Fuente, M.; Martín-Folgar, R., 2020. BPA and its analogues (BPS and BPF) modify the expression of genes involved in the endocrine pathway and apoptosis and a multidrug resistance gene of the aquatic midge Chironomus riparius (Diptera). Environmental Pollution, v. 265 (Pt A), 114806. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envpol.2020.114806.

Morales, M.; Martínez-Paz, P.; Sánchez-Argüello, P.; Morcillo, G.; Martínez-Guitarte, J.L., 2018. Bisphenol A (BPA) modulates the expression of endocrine and stress response genes in the freshwater snail Physa acuta. Ecotoxicology and Environmental Safety, v. 152, 132-138. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecoenv.2018.01.034.

Mukherjee, U.; Das, S.; Ghosh, S.; Maitra, S., 2024. Reproductive toxicity of bisphenol A, at environmentally relevant concentrations, on ovarian redox balance, maturational response, and intra-oocyte signalling events in Labeo bata. The Science of the Total Environment, v. 906, 167415. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2023.167415.

Oehlmann, J.; Schulte-Oehlmann, U.; Tillmann, M., 2000. Effects of endocrine disruptors on prosobranch snails (Mollusca: Gastropoda) in the laboratory. Part I: Bisphenol A and octylphenol as xeno-estrogens. Ecotoxicology, v. 9, 383-397. https://doi.org/10.1023/A:1008972518019.

Office of Environmental Health Hazard Assessment (OEHHA), 2024. California Environmental Protection Agency, Proposition 65 Evidence on the Male Reproductive Toxicity of Bisphenol S. September 2024. State of California.

Organization for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD), 2011. Test No. 235: Chironomus sp. Acute Immobilisation Test, OECD Guidelines for the Testing of Chemicals, Section 2, OECD Publishing, Paris. https://doi.org/10.1787/9789264122383-en.

Peteffi, G.P.; Fleck, J.D.; Kael, I.M.; Rosa, D.C.; Antunes, M.V.; Linden, R., 2019. Ecotoxicological risk assessment due to the presence of bisphenol A and caffeine in surface waters in the Sinos River Basin - Rio Grande do Sul - Brazil. Brazilian Journal of Biology, v. 79 (4), 712-721. https://doi.org/10.1590/1519-6984.189752.

Prado, C.C.A.; Queiroz, L.G.; Silva, F.T.; Paiva, T.C.B., 2023. Toxicological effects caused by environmentally relevant concentrations of ketoconazole in Chironomus sancticaroli (Diptera, Chironomidae) larvae evaluated by oxidative stress biomarkers. Comparative Biochemistry and Physiology Part C: Toxicology & Pharmacology, v. 264, 109532. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cbpc.2022.109532.

Ramakrishna, M.G.; Girigoswami, A.; Chakraborty, S.; Girigoswami, K., 2022. Bisphenol A – An overview on its effect on health and environment. Biointerface Research in Applied Chemistry, v. 12 (1), 105-119. https://doi.org/10.33263/BRIAC121.105119.

Razak, M.R.; Aris, A.Z.; Yusoff, F.M.; Yusof, Z.N.B.; Abidin, A.A.Z.; Kim, S.D.; Kim, K.W., 2023. Risk assessment of bisphenol analogues towards mortality, heart rate and stress-mediated gene expression in cladocerans Moina micrura. Environmental Geochemistry and Health, v. 45, 3567-3583. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10653-022-01442-2.

Rochester, J.R.; Bolden, A.L., 2015. Bisphenol S and F: A systematic review and comparison of the hormonal activity of bisphenol A substitutes. Environmental Health Perspectives, v. 123 (7), 643-650. https://doi.org/10.1289/ehp.1408989.

Roledo, C.; França, D.D.; Feitosa, I.R.S.; Quinaglia, G.A.; Montagner, C.C.; Roubicek, D.A.; Reis, A.G., 2024. A comprehensive study on bisphenol A and estrogenic activity in the Paraíba do Sul River, São Paulo, Brazil. Journal of Water Health, v. 22 (11), 2060-2075. https://doi.org/10.2166/wh.2024.205.

Schmidt, N.; Castro-Jiménez, J.; Fauvelle, V.; Ourgaud, M.; Sempéré, R., 2020. Occurrence of organic plastic additives in surface waters of the Rhône River (France). Environmental Pollution, v. 257, 113637. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envpol.2019.113637.

Shehab, Z.N.; Jamil, N.R.; Aris, A.Z., 2020. Occurrence, environmental implications and risk assessment of Bisphenol A in association with colloidal particles in an urban tropical river in Malaysia. Scientific Reports, v. 10. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-020-77454-8.

Spadoto, M., 2013. The effects of nonylphenol and bisphenol A on freshwater organisms. Dissertation, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo. https://doi.org/10.11606/D.18.2013.tde-18062013-131718. Master Dissertation Retrieved 2024-11-05, from www.teses.usp.br.

Spadoto, M.; Sueitt, A.P.E.; Galinaro, C.A.; Pinto, T.S.; Pompei, C.M.E.; Botta, C.M.R.; Vieira, E.M., 2017. Ecotoxicological effects of bisphenol A and nonylphenol on the freshwater cladocerans Ceriodaphnia silvestrii and Daphnia similis. Drug and Chemical Toxicology. https://doi.org/10.1080/01480545.2017.1381109.

Thoene, M.; Dzika, E.; Gonkowski, S.; Wojtkiewicz, J., 2020. Bisphenol S in food causes hormonal and obesogenic effects comparable to or worse than bisphenol A: A literature review. Nutrients, v. 12 (532). https://doi.org/10.3390/nu12020532.

Tiwari, S.; Phoolmala, P.; Goyal, S.; Yadav, R.K.; Chaturvedi, R.K., 2024. Bisphenol F and bisphenol S (BPF and BPS) impair the stemness of neural stem cells and neuronal fate decision in the hippocampus leading to cognitive dysfunctions. Molecular Neurobiology, v. 61, 9347-9368. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12035-024-04160-1.

Turan, D.; Arslan, Ö., 2023. Investigation of toxic effects of BPA and BPA analogues (BPS and BPAF) on Spirulina sp., Desmodesmus subspicatus and Chlorella vulgaris. Ege Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences, v. 40 (2), 286-291. https://doi.org/10.12714/egejfas.40.4.07.

Ullah, A.; Pirzada, M.; Afsar, T.; Razak, S.; Almajwal, A.; Jahan, S., 2019. Effect of bisphenol F, an analog of bisphenol A, on the reproductive functions of male rats. Environmental Health and Preventive Medicine, v. 24 (41). https://doi.org/10.1186/s12199-019-0797-5.

Wang, L.; Wang, Z.; Liu, J.; Ji, G.; Shi, L.; Xu, J.; Yang, J., 2018. Deriving the freshwater quality criteria of BPA, BPF, and BPAF for protecting aquatic life. Ecotoxicology and Environmental Safety, v. 164, 713-721. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecoenv.2018.08.073.

Wang, Q.; Chen, M.; Shan, G.; Chen, P.; Cui, S.; Yi, S.; Zhu, L., 2017. Bioaccumulation and biomagnification of emerging bisphenol analogues in aquatic organisms from Taihu Lake, China. Science of the Total Environment, v. 598, 814-820. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2017.04.167.

Wang, X.; Zhou, S.; Huang, Y.; Chu, P.; Zhu, L.; Chen, X., 2024. Nanoplastics and bisphenol A exposure alone or in combination induce hepatopancreatic damage and disturbances in carbohydrate metabolism in Portunus trituberculatus. Aquatic Toxicology, v. 277, 107145. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.aquatox.2024.107145.

Wu, B., Cheng, Z., Li, X., Liang, M., Wang, X., Pi, D., Liu, J., Li, H., Zhao, J., Wang, J., Liang, F., Wang, X., 2025. The developmental toxicity of bisphenol F exposure on the zebrafish larvae. Ecotoxicology and Environmental Safety, v. 298, 118282. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecoenv.2025.118282

Yan, Z.; Liu, Y.; Yan, K.; Wu, S.; Han, Z.; Guo, R.; Chen, M.; Yang, Q.; Zhang, S.; Chen, J., 2017. Bisphenol analogues in surface water and sediment from the shallow Chinese freshwater lakes: Occurrence, distribution, source apportionment, and ecological and human health risk. Chemosphere, v. 184, 318-328. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chemosphere.2017.06.010.

Yang, Y.; Yang, Y.; Zhang, J.; Shao, B.; Yin, J., 2019. Assessment of bisphenol a alternatives in paper products from the chinese market and their dermal exposure in the general population. Environmental Pollution, v. 244, 238-246. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envpol.2018.10.049.

Yamazaki, E.; Yamashita, N.; Taniyasu, S.; Lam, J.; Lam, P.K.; Moon, H.B.; Jeong, Y.; Kannan, P.; Achyuthan, H.; Munuswamy, N.; Kannan, K., 2015. Bisphenol A and other bisphenol analogues including BPS and BPF in surface water samples from Japan, China, Korea and India. Ecotoxicology and Environmental Safety, v. 122, 565-572. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecoenv.2015.09.029.

Yin, D.Q.; Hu, S.Q.; Gu, Y.; Wei, L.; Liu, S.S.; Zhang, A.Q., 2007. Immunotoxicity of bisphenol A to Carassius auratus lymphocytes and macrophages following in vitro exposure. Journal of Environmental Sciences (China), v. 19 (2), 232-237. https://doi.org/10.1016/s1001-0742(07)60038-2.